Gynecomastia
Gynecomastia is enlargement of glandular breast tissue in males. It may affect one or both sides and can be tender, especially when developing. Fat alone can create a similar chest contour but is not the same condition, and a clinical examination may be needed to distinguish them.
What you may notice
- A firm or rubbery disc beneath the nipple
- One-sided or two-sided enlargement
- Tenderness during development
- Excess skin after major weight loss
- Fatty chest fullness without a firm gland
Why it can happen
Hormonal balance during puberty and ageing is a common influence. Medicines, anabolic steroids, alcohol, liver or thyroid disease and other conditions can contribute, although no cause is found in many cases. Obesity may add fat but does not fully explain true glandular enlargement.
What may help
Recent or symptomatic gynecomastia may need medical evaluation and management of an underlying cause or medicine. Stable tissue can sometimes be treated surgically with gland excision, liposuction or both; loose skin may require additional removal. Treatment choice depends on whether gland, fat or skin dominates.
When to consult
Seek medical assessment for a new lump, rapid or one-sided growth, hard tissue away from the nipple, nipple discharge, skin change, testicular symptoms or systemic illness. Persistent pubertal gynecomastia or significant distress also warrants review.
Evidence and sources
- National Health Service. Breast reduction (male) [Internet]. London: NHS; 2023 [cited 2026 Nov 7]. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/tests-and-treatments/cosmetic-procedures/cosmetic-surgery/breast-reduction-male/ (new tab)
- American Society of Plastic Surgeons. Gynecomastia surgery [Internet]. Arlington Heights (IL): American Society of Plastic Surgeons; [cited 2026 Nov 7]. Available from: https://www.plasticsurgery.org/cosmetic-procedures/gynecomastia-surgery (new tab)
- National Health Service. Advice about cosmetic procedures [Internet]. London: NHS; 2023 [cited 2026 Nov 7]. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/tests-and-treatments/cosmetic-procedures/advice/ (new tab)