Acne

    Acne affects hair follicles and oil glands, usually on the face, chest or back. It can cause blocked pores, inflamed spots and deeper nodules. Rosacea, folliculitis and other conditions can resemble acne, so uncertain or unusual eruptions need assessment.

    Last reviewed: November 20264 sources

    What you may notice

    • Blackheads or whiteheads
    • Inflamed bumps or pus-filled spots
    • Deeper, tender nodules
    • Dark or red marks after spots heal
    • Lasting scars

    Why it can happen

    Follicular blockage, sebum production, inflammation and Cutibacterium acnes contribute. Hormones, genetics, some medicines and certain skincare products can influence acne. It is not caused by poor hygiene. Picking can worsen inflammation, marks and scarring.

    What may help

    Gentle cleansing and non-comedogenic products support treatment. Options may include benzoyl peroxide, topical retinoids, azelaic acid or selected oral medicines. Choice depends on severity, medical history and pregnancy or pregnancy plans. Retinoids must not be used during pregnancy. Cosmetic procedures do not replace effective treatment of active acne.

    When to consult

    Seek assessment for nodules, scarring, persistent acne, an uncertain diagnosis or distress. Acne with menstrual changes or new excess hair growth also merits review. A sudden severe eruption with fever or feeling unwell needs urgent medical assessment.

    Related options

    9 options

    Treatments

    Surgical procedures

    Evidence and sources

    1. DermNet. Acne [Internet]. Auckland: DermNet New Zealand Trust; 2023 [cited 2026 Nov 7]. Available from: https://dermnetnz.org/topics/acne
    2. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acne vulgaris: management [Internet]. London: NICE; 2021 [updated 2026 Apr 30; cited 2026 Nov 7]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng198
    3. American Academy of Dermatology. Acne: overview [Internet]. Rosemont (IL): American Academy of Dermatology; [cited 2026 Nov 7]. Available from: https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/acne
    4. Reynolds RV, Yeung H, Cheng CE, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2024;90(5):1006.e1-1006.e30. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2023.12.017.